Government Support for Marine Fisheries in Indonesia Should Be Assessed to Minimize the Risk of Overcapacity and Overfishing—New Report
At the central level, government support reaches USD 210 million a year.
July 27, 2021, Jakarta—Government support for Indonesia’s marine fishing sector is significant, varying between USD 140 million and USD 210 million a year from the central government alone, but it is unclear whether this support achieves its desired socio-economic impacts without undermining the environmental viability of the sector. A new report from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), WWF Indonesia, and Marine Change suggests that certain forms of support may incentivize overfishing and could be ineffective in supporting fishing communities in the long term, making them a priority for evaluation. The report provides—for the first time—an open-access database of support for marine fisheries made by the central government and three provincial governments (Aceh, Maluku, North Sulawesi) by consolidating information from several government sources.
“While government assistance can play a critical role in achieving key public policy objectives, such as poverty eradication, not all this support is in line with long-term sustainability objectives. Some support measures may be putting the sustainability of fisheries at risk, along with the socio-economic well-being of the communities who depend on them. The effectiveness of such measures must be evaluated,” said Anissa Suharsono, an associate of IISD’s Energy Program and the report’s lead author.
At the central level, fuel subsidies and support for construction development, maintenance, and access to fishing infrastructure together accounted for roughly 90% of all government support between 2017 and 2020. However, the current system of distribution of fuel support—which represented on average 50% of annual central-level support to the sector between 2017 and 2020—may encourage excessive levels of fishing of stocks that are already fished beyond sustainable levels or are close to that point. Preliminary evidence also suggests that fuel support provides greater benefits to boat owners than to fishers, the intended beneficiaries of the program, and may fail to reach the most remote fishing communities. Smaller amounts are also dedicated to vessel construction, income support, marketing and promotion, support to fishing communities, or fisheries management.
At the provincial level, support focuses on the acquisition and modernization of fishing vessels, as well as related machinery and equipment—which accounted for 60% to 80% of total spending in Maluku and North Sulawesi. While there is uncertainty about their equity and effectiveness in assisting the most vulnerable fishers, these support measures are mostly targeted at pelagic fisheries, some of which are already fished at unsustainable levels. Some of this support also risks increasing fishing capacity in other fisheries where stocks are overfished.
“The fishing sector is key for sustainable development in Indonesia, as it is an important source of food, employment, and income. Ensuring that government assistance supports fisheries’ ability to provide food security and livelihoods to local populations in a sustainable way is critical,” added Cut Desyana, Fisheries and Aquaculture Manager at WWF Indonesia.
The report points out that increased transparency is needed with regard to fisheries support measures at the central and provincial levels. While some information regarding budget allocation and realization is available through government publications or dedicated websites in certain provinces, most public data is either incomplete or is highly aggregated, researchers say.
“Governments should conduct an in-depth assessment of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of fuel subsidies at the central level, and of fixed costs support at the provincial level, and reform these policies if necessary,” said Sari Tolvanen at Marine Change. “The effectiveness of Indonesia’s fisheries support should be monitored using indicators of success that go beyond the current focus on increased production, instead considering the status of the stocks as well as the degree to which support reaches the most vulnerable target groups,” added Tolvanen.
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Bantuan Pemerintah bagi Perikanan Tangkap Laut di Indonesia Sebaiknya Diarahkan untuk Meminimalisir Penangkapan Berlebih (overfishing)
Ringkasan: Bantuan pemerintah pusat ke sektor perikanan tangkap laut mencapai 210 juta dolar per tahun. Namun tidak semua bentuk bantuan tersebut sejalan dengan tujuan berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang
Jakarta—Bantuan terhadap sektor perikanan tangkap laut cukup signifikan, sekitar 140-210 juta dollar AS per tahun. Jumlah tersebut hanya yang berasal dari pemerintah pusat saja. Akan tetapi, belum jelas apakah bentuk bantuan pemerintah tersebut memberi dampak sosial ekonomi yang diharapkan, tanpa menyebabkan beban kerusakan lingkungan untuk sektor tersebut.
Sebuah laporan terbaru dari International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), WWF Indonesia dan Marine Change menyebutkan beberapa bentuk bantuan pemerintah dapat mengakibatkan upaya penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan (overfishing) dan tidak efektif dalam mendukung komunitas perikanan dalam jangka panjang, khususnya untuk para nelayan. Oleh karena itu, sudah selayaknya dilakukan evaluasi untuk beberapa bentuk bantuan tersebut.
Untuk pertama kalinya, dengan mengkonsolidasikan informasi baik dari database publik dan pertemuan formal dengan beberapa lembaga termasuk dengan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan serta Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan provinsi terkait, ketiga lembaga tersebut berupaya melakukan analisis terhadap berbagai bentuk bantuan pemerintah pusat dan tiga pemerintah daerah (Aceh, Maluku dan Sulawesi Utara) terhadap sektor perikanan tangkap laut.
Menurut Anissa Suharsono, penulis utama laporan tersebut, yang juga peneliti kebijakan untuk program energi IISD, walaupun berbagai bantuan pemerintah memiliki peran penting dalam mencapai tujuan kebijakan publik, seperti pengentasan kemiskinan, tapi tidak semua bentuk bantuan tersebut sejalan dengan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang. Seiring dengan kondisi sosial ekonomi komunitas nelayan yang bergantung pada sektor perikanan, beberapa bentuk bantuan pemerintah berpotensi membahayakan keberlanjutan sektor tersebut. “(Karena itu) Efektivitas dari berbagai kebijakan tersebut harus segera dievaluasi,” ujarnya.
Di level pusat, kebijakan bantuan bahan bakar, berbagai program pengembangan pembangunan, pemeliharaan dan akses terhadap infrastruktur perikanan secara bersama-sama menyumbang sekitar 90 persen terhadap seluruh bantuan yang diberikan pemerintah sepanjang 2017 hingga 2020. Akan tetapi, sistem distribusi bahan bakar saat ini—mewakili sekitar 50 persen dari bentuk bantuan tahunan pemerintah pusat terhadap sektor perikanan pada 2017 hingga 2020--dapat memicu penangkapan ikan secara berlebihan.
Penelitian awal juga menunjukkan bahwa bantuan bahan bakar lebih menguntungkan pemilik kapal ketimbang para nelayan yang seharusnya adalah sasaran utama dari program ini, dan juga sulit diakses oleh komunitas perikanan di daerah-daerah terpencil. Selain itu, industri pembuatan kapal dan upaya peningkatan pendapatan, pemasaran, dan promosi dari masyarakat perikanan atau manajemen perikanan hanya memperoleh nilai bantuan yang cukup kecil.
Di level provinsi, bentuk bantuan difokuskan pada pemberian dan modernisasi kapal penangkap ikan, termasuk mesin-mesin dan peralatan penangkap ikan—yang besarnya 60-80 persen dari total pengeluaran para nelayan di Maluku dan Sulawesi Utara. Meskipun ada ketidakpastian mengenai kesetaraan dan keefektifan dalam membantu kelompok nelayan yang paling rentan, bentuk-bentuk
bantuan ini sebagian besar ditargetkan untuk penangkapan ikan pelagis, yang status stok untuk sebagian di antaranya sudah berada di level fully-exploited bahkan over-exploited. Berbagai bentuk dukungan di tingkat provinsi tersebut berisiko meningkatkan kapasitas penangkapan berlebihan di WPP lainnya.
“(Padahal) Sektor perikanan adalah salah satu kunci bagi pengembangan berkelanjutan di Indonesia, karena merupakan sumber penting untuk pangan, penyedia lapangan kerja, dan pendapatan,” kata Cut Desyana, Manajer Perikanan dan Akuakultur di WWF Indonesia seraya menambahkan,” (karena itu) memastikan bantuan pemerintah bisa mendukung kemampuan sektor perikanan untuk menyediakan ketahanan pangan dan mata pencaharian bagi penduduk lokal secara berkelanjutan, menjadi sangat penting.”
Laporan IISD, WWF Indonesia dan Marine Change ini menunjukkan bahwa dibutuhkan peningkatan transparansi sehubungan dengan bantuan pemerintah pusat maupun provinsi terhadap sektor perikanan. Walaupun beberapa informasi mengenai alokasi dan realisasi anggaran tersedia melalui publikasi pemerintah maupun situs resmi di sejumlah provinsi, tapi kebanyakan data tersebut tidak lengkap atau bersifat terlalu generik, ujar sejumlah peneliti lainnya.
Pemerintah sebaiknya melakukan kajian mendalam terhadap dampak sosial ekonomi dan lingkungan dari bantuan bahan bakar di tingkat pusat, dan kategori dukungan biaya tetap di tingkat provinsi, "bahkan jika perlu mereformasi kebijakan ini,” kata Sari Tolvanen dari Marine Change.
Efektivitas dukungan perikanan Indonesia harus dipantau dengan menggunakan indikator keberhasilan yang tidak hanya berfokus pada kenaikan produksi, “melainkan mempertimbangkan status stok serta sejauh mana bantuan menjangkau kelompok sasaran yang paling rentan,” ujar Tolvanen menambahkan.
About Yayasan WWF Indonesia
Yayasan WWF Indonesia is a civil society organization with local legal entities and a global network, supported by more than 100,000 supporters. Our mission is to stop the degradation of the earth's environment and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by conserving the world's biological diversity, ensuring that renewable natural resources are used sustainably, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. For the latest news, visit www.wwf.id and follow us on Twitter @WWF_id | Instagram @wwf_id | WWF-Indonesia Facebook | Youtube WWF-Indonesia | Line Friends WWF Indonesia
About Marine Change
Marine Change is a specialist advisory firm founded in 2014. Our vision is to see disciplined, long-term investment in innovative efforts to renew fisheries and marine ecosystems, permitting them to recover from overexploitation, and to support climate adaptation, prosperity, food security, and livelihoods in the Asia Pacific. Our mission is to develop strategies and to mobilize investments that lead to regeneration of ecosystems, supply chain efficiencies, and resilient and financially sustainable communities and businesses. Visit www.marinechange.com / Twitter @sariusly
About IISD
The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is an award-winning independent think tank working to accelerate solutions for a stable climate, sustainable resource management, and fair economies. Our work inspires better decisions and sparks meaningful action to help people and the planet thrive. We shine a light on what can be achieved when governments, businesses, non-profits, and communities come together. IISD’s staff of more than 250 experts come from across the globe and from many disciplines. With offices in Winnipeg, Geneva, Ottawa, and Toronto, our work affects lives in nearly 100 countries.
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